About bioenergy

生物質(zhì)能是瑞典如今的主要能源。瑞典能源系統(tǒng)經(jīng)歷了重大轉(zhuǎn)型。 在20世紀(jì)70年代，石油完全占主導(dǎo)地位。今天，石油幾乎僅為交通運輸燃料，而生物質(zhì)能已經(jīng)在集中供熱中占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位，在工業(yè)和電力生產(chǎn)方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。

Bioenergy is the leading energy source in Sweden today. The Swedish energy system has gone through a major transformation. In the 1970s oil was totally dominating. Today, oil is almost entirely a transport fuel, whereas bioenergy has taken over in district heating, and plays a major role in industry and in electricity production.

瑞典的生物質(zhì)能使用量已經(jīng)從20世紀(jì)70年代的40TWh /年增加到今天的140TWh。2009年，生物質(zhì)能超過了石油成為瑞典能源消費的主要能源。同年，生物質(zhì)能的使用總量超過了水力發(fā)電和核電的使用總量。

The use of bioenergy in Sweden has increased from 40 TWh/year in the 1970s to around 140 TWh today. In 2009, bioenergy surpassed oil as the leading energy source for the Swedish energy consumption. The same year, the total use of bioenergy was more than the use of electricity from hydropower and nuclear power together.

生物質(zhì)在瑞典供熱市場占有主導(dǎo)地位，在很大程度上是作為集中供熱的燃料。生物質(zhì)也是能源密集型林產(chǎn)業(yè)的主要能源。生物質(zhì)發(fā)電占瑞典電力生產(chǎn)的7-9％，生物燃料正在進入運輸燃料領(lǐng)域。生物質(zhì)能的特點是多樣化，并具有市場擴張性。

Biomass has a dominant position in the Swedish heat market, to a large part as fuel in district heating. Biomass is also the main energy source in energy intensive forest-based industries. Bio-electricity, biopower, accounts for 7–9 percent of Sweden’s power production, and biofuels are making inroads into transport fuels. Bioenergy is characterised by diversity, and by expansion in all markets.

增加生物質(zhì)能的使用是1990-2014年間瑞典減少25％溫室效應(yīng)氣體排放量的主要原因，當(dāng)時國民生產(chǎn)總值增長了60%。在此期間，生物質(zhì)能使用量翻了一番多。

Increased bioenergy use is the main reason that Sweden managed to decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 25 percent between 1990 and 2014, while GNP increased by 60 percent. Bioenergy use more than doubled during the period.

瑞典生物質(zhì)能行業(yè)巨大增長的主要原因是廣泛的政府支持和強大的激勵措施，如瑞典二氧化碳稅（1991年引入）、綠色電力證書（2003年引入），交通運輸領(lǐng)域生物燃料免稅 ，以及直接的投資支持。

The primary reason for the tremendous growth of the bioenergy sector in Sweden is broad political support and the use of strong general incentives like the Swedish carbon dioxide tax (introduced in 1991) the green electricity certificates (introduced in 2003), and tax exemption for biofuels for transport, as well as direct investment supports.

生物質(zhì)能的成功發(fā)展還取決于瑞典長期以來使用森林資源資源的傳統(tǒng)，同時保護和開發(fā)這些資源。瑞典森林木材庫存和儲存的碳逐年增加，盡管生物質(zhì)能的使用量迅速增加。

The bioenergy success story also rests on the long-standing Swedish tradition of using the natural resources in our forests, whilst simultaneously protecting and developing these resources. The total stock of wood in the Swedish forests, and stored carbon, has increased year by year, despite the rapidly increasing use of biomass for energy.

瑞典生物質(zhì)供熱

Bioheat

生物質(zhì)供熱是瑞典規(guī)模大、常見的生物質(zhì)能利用形式。家庭、公共建筑、辦公室和工業(yè)中的過程用熱、農(nóng)場建筑物以及溫室等。

Biomass for heating is the largest and most common bioenergy use in Sweden. Heat is needed for space heating in homes, public buildings, offices and industries, and for process heat in industries, for buildings on farms, for greenhouses, etc.

如今生物質(zhì)供熱占一半以上的住房和服務(wù)行業(yè)空間供熱，通過直接使用鍋爐，或間接通過熱電廠生產(chǎn)的熱量，用作集中供熱。各種生物質(zhì)都在被使用，但主要類型是森林生物質(zhì) - 林業(yè)木材燃料。

Bioheat today accounts for more than half of all space heating in the housing and service sectors, either through direct use in boilers, or indirectly through production of heat in heat plants and use as district heat. All kinds of biomass are used, but the predominant type is forest biomass – wood fuels from forestry and forest-based industries.

瑞典生物質(zhì)發(fā)電

Biopower

生物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的電力稱為生物質(zhì)發(fā)電。如今生物質(zhì)發(fā)電是繼核電和水電之后，瑞典第四大電力來源。

Electricity produced from biomass is called biopower. Biopower is today, after nuclear- and hydropower, the fourth largest source of electricity in Sweden.

生物質(zhì)發(fā)電由生物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生，通常是木材燃料在鍋爐中燃燒。這可以發(fā)生在一個熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)工廠。所產(chǎn)生的熱量用于加熱水汽，使渦輪機轉(zhuǎn)動，并且可以產(chǎn)生電力。多余的熱量通過集中供熱網(wǎng)分配到家庭和工業(yè)用戶。

Biopower is produced by biomass, usually wood fuels, burning in a furnace connected to a boiler. This occurs in a CHP-plant. The heat generated is used to heat the watervapor which in turn makes the turbine rotate, and electricity can be generated.The excess heat is distributed through a district heating network to homes and industrial users.

聽起來很簡單 - 生物質(zhì)能可以提供電力和熱量！

It is as easy as it sounds – Bioenergy delivers electricity andheat!

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與Bioenergi雜志一起，我們在一張地圖上標(biāo)注出瑞典的所有生物質(zhì)能生產(chǎn)點。 該圖顯示了209個點，另有20個還在計劃中。

Together with the magazine Bioenergi, we produce a map over all the biopower production units in Sweden. This map shows biopower production at 209 locations, and another 20 planned units.

S?derenergi.Igelsta CHP工廠

第二大的生物質(zhì)熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)廠

the second largest biomass fired CHP plant for heat and electricity

By：Stig Almqvist

生物質(zhì)發(fā)電的優(yōu)勢

Advantages with biopower

生物質(zhì)發(fā)電有很多優(yōu)點，除了明顯的優(yōu)點，它是可再生的：

Biopower has a number of advantages, besides the obvious one, that it is renewable:

每年的秋季到冬季是生物質(zhì)發(fā)電的旺季。在瑞典，大量電力用于供暖，因此夏季電力消耗較低。此外，夏季的工業(yè)用電較低，許多工廠處于休假和維修關(guān)閉期。10-4月期間，生物質(zhì)熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)電廠在集中供熱使用較多。這種生產(chǎn)模式的結(jié)果是，生產(chǎn)者在生物質(zhì)發(fā)電中獲利頗豐，生產(chǎn)也有助于降低消費者的成本。

Biopower is produced in the high demand season, from autumn to spring. In Sweden a substantial amount of electricity is used for heating purposes, and therefore electricity comsumption is lower in the summer. Furthermore, industrial consumption of electricity is lower in the summer season when many plants close for vacation periods and maintenance. Biopower in CHPs in district heating produce most during the period October–April. A result of this production pattern is that the producers can get a good price for biopower and that the production helps to cut costs for consumers.

生物質(zhì)發(fā)電一般鄰近于消費者，因此分配損失相對較低的。熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)廠位于較大的城鎮(zhèn)，工業(yè)生物質(zhì)發(fā)電廠位于有大量能源需求的工廠。

Biopower is produced near the consumers, and thus causes relatively low distribution losses. CHP plants are located in the larger cities and towns, and the biopower units in industry are located at plants using significant amounts of energy.

生物質(zhì)發(fā)電是持續(xù)的和不間歇的（風(fēng)力發(fā)電和太陽能發(fā)電是間歇性的），因此十分可靠。另外，它不能用來平衡風(fēng)力發(fā)電。大型的生物質(zhì)熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)電廠是基負(fù)荷機組。

Biopower is produced continuously and not intermittently (like wind-power and solar power), and therefore reliable. It does not require balancing production units. On the other hand it cannot be used to balance wind-power. Large biomass CHPs are base-load units.

生物質(zhì)發(fā)電廠可以使用大量燃料，因此生物質(zhì)能是一種靈活的能源。這些燃料大部分是低成本的廢棄物或副產(chǎn)品，沒其他用途。

Biopower plants can use a large number of fuels and for this reason biopower is a flexible energy source. Most of these fuels are waste or by-products of low cost that have no other use.

生物質(zhì)發(fā)電采用成熟的技術(shù)，并且停機的風(fēng)險很小。出于安全原因，與核電一樣，關(guān)閉沒有風(fēng)險。在這方面，生物質(zhì)發(fā)電也被視為是可靠的。

Biopower uses well-established technologies and the risk for plant shut-downs is small. There is no risk for shut-downs for safety reasons, as with nuclear power. Also in this respect biopower can be deemed reliable.

生物質(zhì)發(fā)電生產(chǎn)具有分散化，大量中小型機組生產(chǎn)電力，這確保了電力供應(yīng)的高通路和低風(fēng)險。與核電相比，這是一個很大的優(yōu)勢。如果發(fā)生在高峰負(fù)荷期，一個或兩個大型核能機組的關(guān)閉可能會導(dǎo)致市場供電短缺。

Biopower production is decentralised and the power is produced in a large number of middle-size and small units. This guarantees high access and low risk for power-shortage. Compared to nuclear power this is a big advantage. Shut-down of one or two large nuclear units can create shortage on the market if it occurs at peak-load time.

交通運輸?shù)纳锶剂?/p>

Biofuels for transport

生物燃料是運輸燃料，原料來自森林、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品或生物廢棄物等可再生生物質(zhì)。有各種各樣的轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)提供不同類型的燃料，可以取代目前汽油和柴油的使用。大多數(shù)這些燃料是液體的，例如乙醇和生物柴油，但它們也可以是氣體，如沼氣。

Biofuels are transport fuels that are produced from renewable biomass with raw material from the forest, agricultural products or biogenic waste. There are a wide variety of conversion techniques that provide different types of fuels that can replace the current use of petrol and diesel. Most of these fuels are liquid, such as ethanol and biodiesel but they can also be gaseous, biogas.

關(guān)于瑞典生物燃料的四個小知識：

Four things everyone should know about Swedish biofuels:

生物燃料是建立一個無化石運輸行業(yè)所必需的

Biofuels are necessary to create a fossil free transport sector

可持續(xù)生物燃料對氣候非常有利

Sustainable biofuels provide great benefit to the climate

瑞典生物燃料的生產(chǎn)創(chuàng)造了就業(yè)機會，加強了瑞典的農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村的發(fā)展

Swedish production of biofuels creates jobs and strengthens the Swedish business- and rural sectors

氣候友好的生物燃料對有利于應(yīng)對減排的要求

Placing requirements on emission reductions will favor climate-friendly biofuels

瑞典政府已經(jīng)提出瑞典應(yīng)該實現(xiàn)無化石燃料運輸。 目標(biāo)是到2030年將運輸?shù)呐欧帕繙p少70％，然后完全切換到無化石燃料的運輸。可以提高   效率、電氣化以及將化石燃料轉(zhuǎn)換成使用生物燃料。

The Swedish parliament has decided that Sweden should have a fossil free vehicle fleet. The goal is now to reduce emissions from transport by 70 percent by 2030 and then completely switch to fossil free traffic. It can be done with a combination of improved efficiency, electrification and fuel switching from fossil fuels to biofuels.

2016年瑞典生物燃料使用創(chuàng)新高

2016 a record year for biofuels in Sweden

基于能源含量，瑞典2016年，生物燃料占所有車輛燃料供應(yīng)的18.6％。根據(jù)瑞典統(tǒng)計局的初步統(tǒng)計，使用的四分之一升柴油是可再生柴油，總共使用17.2 TWh的生物燃料。

Based on energy content, biofuels accounted for 18.6 percent of all fuel supplied to vehicles operating in Sweden in 2016. One in four litres of diesel was a renewable diesel, and the total of 17.2 TWh of biofuels was used according to preliminary statistics from Statistics Sweden and compiled by Svebio.

2016年瑞典運輸市場的生物燃料供應(yīng)，單位（TWh）

Supplies of biofuels to the Swedish transportation market 2016 in TWh.

這些數(shù)字表明，瑞典在化石燃料轉(zhuǎn)為生物燃料這塊是歐洲做的比較好的。在全球范圍內(nèi)，可能只有巴西在非化石燃料運輸轉(zhuǎn)換中已經(jīng)超過瑞典。

These figures suggest that Sweden is the best in Europe when it comes to switch from fossil fuels to biofuels. Globally, it is probably only Brazil that has reached further than Sweden in the transition away from fossil fuels in transportation.

近年來，生物燃料的快速增長主要是由于氫化植物油（HVO）柴油，不同生物基原料制成的可再生柴油的使用量增加。瑞典也廣泛使用了油菜籽制備的生物柴油（RME）。天然氣車輛（NGV）燃料混合物中生物甲烷的份額有所增加，在2016年創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄，達到83％。但乙醇的使用卻下降了。

The rapid growth of biofuels in recent years is mainly attributed to the increased use of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) diesel, a renewable diesel made from different bio-based raw materials. Sweden has also an extensive use of rapeseed-derived biodiesel (RME). The share of biomethane in the natural gas vehicle (NGV) fuel blend has increased, reaching a record 83 percent level in 2016. The use of ethanol has however decreased.

可能進一步增加

Further increase possible

盡管生物燃料比例很高，但瑞典并沒有利用所有機會。近年來，乙醇和RME的稅收阻礙了這些燃料的使用。我們還沒有按照歐盟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)允許，將汽油中的乙醇低混合度從5％提高到10％。所以有機會進一步增加生物燃料的份額，減少運輸對氣候的影響。

Despite the very high proportion of biofuels, Sweden has not taken advantage of all the opportunities. The taxation of ethanol and RME in recent years has held back the use of these fuels. We have yet to increase low-blend of ethanol in gasoline, from 5 to 10 percent, as the EU standard allows. So there are good opportunities to further increase the share of biofuels and reduce the climate impact from transport.

來源：Svebio–Swedish Bioenergy Assocation

轉(zhuǎn)自搜狐